Space

High-speed cannon shows how asteroid impacts seeded early Earth's oceans

High-speed cannon shows how asteroid impacts seeded early Earth's oceans
A frame from the video of the Brown team's hypervelocity impact experiment, which found that water-rich asteroid collisions can transfer a surprising amount of water to a dry surface
A frame from the video of the Brown team's hypervelocity impact experiment, which found that water-rich asteroid collisions can transfer a surprising amount of water to a dry surface
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A frame from the video of the Brown team's hypervelocity impact experiment, which found that water-rich asteroid collisions can transfer a surprising amount of water to a dry surface
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A frame from the video of the Brown team's hypervelocity impact experiment, which found that water-rich asteroid collisions can transfer a surprising amount of water to a dry surface
Samples of impact glass created during the experiment, which were found to trap a fairly large amount of water
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Samples of impact glass created during the experiment, which were found to trap a fairly large amount of water

Earth is, obviously, a very wet planet, but what's less obvious is where all that water originally came from. One suggested scenario says that asteroids delivered water to a bone-dry early Earth, but whether that would work in practice, or if the water would boil away in the heat of the impact, remained unanswered. Now, scientists at Brown University have tested the theory using a high-powered cannon, and found that a surprising amount of water is transferred in the process.

For a while, icy comets seemed like the most likely source of water on Earth, but recent studies found evidence to the contrary. On closer inspection of 11 comets including 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, the deuterium-to-hydrogen ratios were very different to that of Earth's oceans.

Water-rich carbonaceous asteroids, on the other hand, were a much clearer match. But that introduces a new problem – in models, it seemed that water and other volatile materials wouldn't survive the crash.

"Impact models tell us that impactors should completely devolatilize at many of the impact speeds common in the solar system, meaning all the water they contain just boils off in the heat of the impact," says Pete Schultz, co-author of the Brown study. "But nature has a tendency to be more interesting than our models, which is why we need to do experiments."

Samples of impact glass created during the experiment, which were found to trap a fairly large amount of water
Samples of impact glass created during the experiment, which were found to trap a fairly large amount of water

So, the researchers set up physical experiments to test how much water, if any, could be deposited via asteroid impacts. For the study, the team used marble-sized projectiles that were made of similar stuff to carbonaceous chondrites, the water-rich meteorites that are the most likely culprits. The stand-in for the parched early Earth was a material made of pumice powder.

The scientists used the Vertical Gun Range at the NASA Ames Research Center to fire the projectiles at the target material, at speeds of about 18,000 km/h (11,000 mph). After the impact, the team then analyzed the debris to see how much water was transferred to the target.

The team found that the heat of the impact does indeed boil the water away, but rather than lose the vapor to space, it becomes trapped in the rocky debris left behind. In the intense heat of the collision, rock on both the struck surface and the meteorite melt, then cool and resolidify, creating new formations known as the impact melt and breccias. These formations were found to contain up to 30 percent of the space rock's original water content.

High-speed cannon simulates water-delivering asteroid impacts

"What we're suggesting is that the water vapor gets ingested into the melts and breccias as they form," says Schultz. "So even though the impactor loses its water, some of it is recaptured as the melt rapidly quenches."

In the early days of the solar system, collisions between planets, protoplanets and asteroids were a far more frequent occurrence, and the Brown experiment suggests that this could explain how Earth became so watery. This might also account for water found elsewhere in the solar system, including the Moon's mantle and surface, and even in hostile environments like the poles of Mercury.

"The origin and transportation of water and volatiles is one of the big questions in planetary science," says Terik Daly, lead researcher on the study. "These experiments reveal a mechanism by which asteroids could deliver water to moons, planets and other asteroids. It's a process that started while the solar system was forming and continues to operate today."

The research was published in the journal Science Advances.

Sources: Brown University

6 comments
6 comments
b@man
Just because it can happen doesn't mean it did happen:)
Bob
How did the asteroids form and where did they get their water? There is no reason that the water wasn't here in the first place.
Koolski
This seems highly unlikely to me. They're trying to explain a rare result (our Earth make-up and water volume ) with what should be a common occurrence. One would expect far more Earth like planets if planets were formed via wet asteroid collisions. Our planet seems to be quite unique in our galaxy and maybe in the universe. Shouldn't they be looking for something unique to form our unique world?
Douglas Bennett Rogers
The boiled off water would mostly remain as atmospheric water.
highlandboy
If a planet is not massive enough to retain an atmosphere then all water would have to be captured in some way to retain it. Ice would sublimate, water would boil. If a planet were large enough to retain an atmosphere it maters not whether water is ice, liquid or solid it would all be retained in the atmosphere.
Expanded Viewpoint
Exactly, Doug! So what if the ice (frozen wa-wa) was turned into a vapor? The water molecules would still be present, unless they were reacted with other elements and compounds here already due to the high temps of the impacts. And eventually, those newly formed compounds may break down over time. And who's to say that Hydrogen and Oxygen were not pulled into the Earth's gravitational field and were ignited by the heat of the molten materials? One has to remember what lies under the crust, VERY hot dirt! Water vapor condenses back into liquid, and we then have this thing called the water cycle. As to Koolski2, something is either unique, or it is not. Unique means not seen anywhere else. It's the opposite of ubiquitous, meaning seen everywhere. Nobody said that planets were formed by wet asteroid collisions, only that might be where our water came from. And as compared to the rest of the volume of Earth, there ain't all that much water here!! It's just spread out over a very large area, so it gives us the illusion of vast quantities, plus our very small physical relative size adds to that illusion. No one said that these comets landed on Earth only, they could have struck other planets too, and left hundreds of times more water, but if the magnetosphere is too weak to shield the water from the solar wind, it would all boil away!