"One part of the answer is that when sound passes through the air holes, the sound waves are strongly diffracted into the entire volume of the diffraction resonator, so that very little of the sound can pass directly through the air holes."
Does that mean that the sound energy is transferred into the window structure? Would this imply that the window cavity needs to itself be suspended or mounted on foam seals so that if the noise outside is loud enough it does not become a source of vibration? Energy needs to go somewhere.
Also what is the relationship between the depth of cavity and frequencies it can absorb? Can thinner cavities with various configs and diameters be sandwiched to widen the band stop, or is there a law of diminishing returns?

So fill your windows with transparent mufflers. Who knew?

What about bugs? I need a window that keeps out bugs.

I may have been a little too snarky. 30 odd years ago when I was still a preteen I suggested a multi-pane window with holes like the baffles in a muffler to reduce noise while letting air flow and everybody laughed at me.

" (a 10 dB increase in sound corresponds to a tenfold increase in sound pressure and energy, with 0 dB the human auditory threshold)"
dB is a relative scale, and a 10db increase indeed corresponds to a tenfold increase as stated, but the second part of the sentence seem to imply that 0 db is a change so small that it cannot be perceived by the human ear. Being a RELATIVE scale, 0 db means NO CHANGE and by definition no increase whether measured by human ear or any other method.
In contrast, dBA (though perhaps flawed) is a commonly used ABSOLUTE scale, set so that 0 dbA is approximately at the human auditory threshold.
So, the window may attenuate sound by 30 db (i.e. relative to the un-attenuated sound), but a bedroom is noisy at 45 dbA (i.e. relative to human threshold)

re; Jennifer Linsky
You buy a fine mesh and stretch it over the window to screen out the bugs. Get the mesh with the largest openings that will not let the local bugs through for maximum airflow.

Hey, this is a great idea for those with babies in the house, so you can keep an eye on sleeping baby, while you watch the TV? I can think of a few other applications.

To "R B". The dB is, indeed, a relative measure. It has been converted to an absolute measure by arbitrarily assigning 0dB to a certain energy level. As the article notes, this 0dB value corresponds to the threshold of hearing for a "normal" person. So dB is both: a relative measure by definition and an absolute measure by convention.

Good idea NKN

A small point. The statement is that a 10 dB increase is a ten fold increase of sound pressure and energy. Sound energy is related to the square of the sound pressure. Therefore, a 10 dB increase in energy is a 100 fold increase in sound pressure.