Physics

Physicists measure the gravitational pull of a ladybug

Physicists measure the gravitational pull of a ladybug
Researchers have measured the smallest gravitational pull yet – equivalent to about the mass of a ladybug
Researchers have measured the smallest gravitational pull yet – equivalent to about the mass of a ladybug
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One of the gold spheres used in the experiment, sitting on top of a coin to give an indication of just how tiny it is
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The team measured the gravitational pull between two tiny gold balls, one on the end of a glass rod suspended on a wire
One of the gold spheres used in the experiment, sitting on top of a coin to give an indication of just how tiny it is
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One of the gold spheres used in the experiment, sitting on top of a coin to give an indication of just how tiny it is
Researchers conducting the experiment using a pendulum in a vacuum chamber
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Researchers conducting the experiment using a pendulum in a vacuum chamber
Researchers have measured the smallest gravitational pull yet – equivalent to about the mass of a ladybug
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Researchers have measured the smallest gravitational pull yet – equivalent to about the mass of a ladybug
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Of the four fundamental forces, gravity is the one we’re most familiar with in our everyday lives, but perhaps surprisingly, it’s the weakest and hardest to measure here on Earth. Now, physicists in Austria have made the smallest measurement of gravity so far, equivalent to the gravitational pull of a ladybug.

Mass is inextricably linked to gravity, so that every single object with mass, no matter how small, has a proportional gravitational pull. It's pretty clearly at play with astronomical objects like moons and planets, but it's also true of smaller objects here on Earth. If you’re holding a coin in your hand, for example, not only is your gravitational pull tugging on the coin, but the coin’s pull is also tugging back on you. It’s just much weaker.

Of course, if you performed this experiment on Earth the whole thing would be moot, because obviously the planet’s gravitational pull far exceeds both yours and the coin’s. So yes, you are pulling back on the planet, but that’s one tug of war you’re never going to win.

And there’s the problem. The Earth’s immense gravitational pull washes out the influence between any two other things on its surface, making it almost impossible for scientists to study the force on small scales. You can’t just block it out like you can with other forces like electromagnetism.

But in the late 18th century, scientist Henry Cavendish conducted an elegant experiment to counteract the pull of the Earth and measure the force of gravity between two objects in the lab. It uses what’s called a torsion pendulum – a rod suspended by a thin wire, with a weight at each end.

One of the gold spheres used in the experiment, sitting on top of a coin to give an indication of just how tiny it is
The team measured the gravitational pull between two tiny gold balls, one on the end of a glass rod suspended on a wire

The idea is that the setup has no more “give” downwards, in the direction of Earth’s gravitational pull. But it can freely spin horizontally, so by placing another larger weight next to those on the ends of the rod, the two weights will attract each other and turn the rod ever so slightly. By measuring the distance the rod moves, and the twisting of the supporting wire, the force of gravity between the two weights can be measured.

For the new study, researchers from the University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences shrunk the experiment down. Where Cavendish used wooden beams and lead balls weighing 160 kg (350 lb) each, the new experiment used a 4-cm (1.6-in) long glass rod and 2-mm wide gold spheres weighing just 90 milligrams – about the mass of a ladybug – as the weights.

"We move the gold sphere back and forth, creating a gravitational field that changes over time," says Jeremias Pfaff, an author of the study. "This causes the torsion pendulum to oscillate at that particular excitation frequency.”

The movement was then measured by a laser, and found to be just a few millionths of a millimeter, marking the smallest gravitational force yet measured in the lab.

One of the gold spheres used in the experiment, sitting on top of a coin to give an indication of just how tiny it is
One of the gold spheres used in the experiment, sitting on top of a coin to give an indication of just how tiny it is

"According to Einstein, the gravitational force is a consequence of the fact that masses bend spacetime in which other masses move," says Tobias Westphal, first author of the study. "So what we are actually measuring here is, how a ladybug warps space-time.”

Next up, the team plans to push the experiment even further, trying to measure the gravity of masses thousands of times smaller. At that point, they say, it begins to bump into the realm of quantum physics.

The research was published in the journal Nature.

Source: University of Vienna

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2 comments
2 comments
W from Oz
I hope the experiment was conducted in a vacuum chamber to negate the effects of oscillating air currents as the ball was moved. Shielding from the earth's magnetic field would also be advisable as small eddy currents induced in the ball moved may also influence the ball on the end of the rod via mutual coupling.
Nobody
This is another of those questionable experiments. Going from the moon's tidal forces down to the mass of someone walking past the setup, there are a lot of things that could interfere with the measurement. Just measuring the torsional force it takes to move the wire is difficult. Then you have the electrostatic forces along with magnetic forces that can interfere. Just having a device like a small electric motor cycling off and on along with the field around any nearby electric wire carrying a current could affect the measurement. Of course you can mathematically extrapolate what force to expect at a tiny mass but I would question if they can actually shield their test apparatus enough to get an accurate direct measurement. In advance physics lab in college we used two large and two small lead balls suspended on a torsion wire in a sealed container but the total mass was far, far higher than a lady bug to minimize outside interference. As far as I can remember, the force of gravity has never been determined past a few decimal places due to all the surrounding forces.