Science

Forensic tech shows if samples come from smokers

The intake of nicotine produces a tell-tale metabolite known as cotinine
vilevi/Depositphotos
The intake of nicotine produces a tell-tale metabolite known as cotinine
vilevi/Depositphotos

When you're trying to establish who was present when a crime was committed, every little clue helps. That's where a newly repurposed forensic technique comes in, as it can determine if oral fluid comes from a smoker or non-smoker.

The technique is in fact an existing process known as Raman spectroscopy, in which monochromatic light (usually from a laser) is shone onto a sample. The molecules in that substance vibrate in response, scattering the light in a unique manner. Therefore, by analyzing that scattered light, it's possible to ascertain which chemicals are present in the sample.

Led by Prof. Igor Lednev, researchers from the University at Albany found that cotinine – which is the main metabolite produced by the body in response to nicotine intake – has a distinctive and recognizable spectroscopic signature within oral fluid. Consisting of more than just saliva, oral fluid also contains "oral mucosal transudate," which is in turn derived from blood serum.

In lab tests, the scientists used Raman spectroscopy to analyze samples from 32 volunteers of differing ages, races and sexes. Half of those people were self-described regular smokers, while the other half claimed they had never smoked. Based on the cotinine readings, the team was accurately able to determine whether or not each sample came from a smoker.

More research still needs to be conducted, on factors such as the effect that food and drink have on oral fluid content. Ultimately, though, it is hoped that the technology could assist in the solving of crimes.

"Our goal is to help crime science investigators (CSIs) build a phenotype profile for suspects in the early stages of an investigation," says Lednev. "A CSI would, of course, prefer to build a DNA profile. But, that is often not an option. We offer a viable alternative."

The research is described in a paper that was recently published in the Journal of Biophotonics.

Source: University at Albany

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2 comments
paul314
Given the prevalence of smoking in the US and many other countries, it doesn't seem that this will help much to narrow down a list of potential suspects. It might exclude some people, but only assuming that sampling is exhaustive.
pSynrg
@paul314 About 15% of the adult population of the USA are considered habitual smokers. Using this forensic technique, 85% of potential suspects can be ruled out, should the evidence support the theory that the perp was a smoker. I'd say that's useful elimination. Of course the opposite appliers if the perp is a non-smoker.
Which begs the question, is the proportion of smoking amongst criminals higher than the general population average?
Any tool which eliminates even just one suspect from an enquiry is worth having. Especially where the effect of applying such tools is cumulative.