Energy

Be-leaf it or not: Researchers make a rechargeable sodium battery using an oak leaf

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Scientists make a proof-of-concept battery from a carbonized oak leaf
The leaf was baked at high temperatures to leave only the carbonised structure behind
University of Maryland
Scientists make a proof-of-concept battery from a carbonized oak leaf

The quest for a way to create a rechargeable battery from sodium rather than lithium took a somewhat unexpected turn last month when scientists from the University of Maryland and the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology from Beijing discovered that a baked oak leaf pumped full of sodium made a successful negative terminal for a proof-of-concept battery.

As anyone who ever made a battery from a lemon (or a potato) would remember, making a battery out of organic matter is certainly possible and could play its part in developing a workable sodium-based battery.

Sodium theoretically should hold more charge than lithium, but in practice it can't handle as many charge-and-discharge cycles. One of the stumbling blocks has been finding a suitable anode material that is compatible with sodium. Graphite, which is used in Li-ion batteries, is not suitable since sodium ions have a much larger ionic size than lithium. Graphene is a possibility, but is time consuming and expensive to produce.

Earlier experiments have included other biomass sources, such as peat moss, banana peels, and melon skin, but these require additional processing and coating.

"The natural shape of a leaf already matches a battery's needs: a low surface area, which decreases defects; a lot of small structures packed closely together, which maximizes space; and internal structures of the right size and shape to be used with sodium electrolyte," said Fei Shen, a visiting student working on the project.

The scientists first processed a dry leaf through pyrolysis, baking it at 1,000° C (1,832° F) for one hour in an oxygen-deprived medium to burn off all but the underlying carbon structure. To remove other inorganic impurities that might interfere with the electrochemical processes, they immersed the leaf for 6 hours in hydrogen chloride.

The result was a carbonized leaf, still studded with the pores on the underside that usually allow the leaf to absorb water and exchange gases. In the leaf's carbonized state, the pores were more than adequate for absorbing a sodium electrolyte. The layers of carbon on the tougher topside of the leaf become sheets of nanostructured carbon that absorb the sodium that carries the charge. In its carbonized state, the topside of the leaf is flat, dense and suitable as a current-collecting plane during electrochemical reactions.

The team used coin batteries with sodium plates as the counter/reference electrodes, and the leaf proved itself more than adequate as the anode of a sodium battery, capable of storing 360 mAh per gram of its weight.

The leaf anode was tested for cycling and proved stable by holding 90 percent capacity after 200 cycles. Interestingly, the charge efficiency also remained relatively high at around 75 percent, which the scientists attribute to low SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) formation thanks to the low surface area of the leaf-membrane.

"We have tried other natural materials, such as wood fiber, to make a battery," said Liangbing Hu, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering and a researcher with the University of Maryland Energy Research Center (UMERC). "A leaf is designed by nature to store energy for later use, and using leaves in this way could make large-scale storage environmentally friendly."

The researchers have experimented with stacking multiple leaves welded together and plan on testing different types of leaves to find the ones with best properties for energy storage. They say they have no immediate plans to commercialize the idea.

They published their findings in January through ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

Source: University of Maryland

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3 comments
Bob Flint
Does the cost of this material take into account the time and cost for preparation?
In a related article about Sodium & carbonization a neutral net cost versus performance of 20% less performance but 20% less cost.
http://www.gizmag.com/sodium-battery-apples/41957/
Racqia Dvorak
Bio-tech is the future. I wish people could see that, and then realize that saving and cataloging species is about more than doing the right thing; it's literally saving the codes that allow for complex macro-structures formed from biological nano composites. Codes that could potentially save lives, save decades of research, and inspire new, artificial code.
Imagine the impact if someone from today could go back to 1985 with a terabyte drive filled with modern operating systems, web browsers, auto-cad programs, game engines, etc. It would leapfrog our electronic prowess immensely.
And yet we're throwing that away every day.
StWils
A few years ago another scientist tried out pyrolized chicken feathers to produce cheap graphite fibre. While the process worked nothing more has been heard. It would be interesting to see if this approach can be combined. A big part of the rationale for using feathers is that the chicken industry produces something like 3 to 4 Billion pounds of feathers that currently are a nuisance waste product that has to be landfilled. If something we already have piles of is usable that is better than trying to find ways of gathering a material like oak leaves, a material that is abundant but also is not readily harvestable.