In this season of ghouls and goblins, it turns out even space agencies can get swept up in the Halloween spirit. Two years ago, NASA treated us all with an image of the sun resembling a jack-o-lantern. Last year, the organization told us about the Great Pumpkin asteroid heading our way for Halloween. And now, NASA has just dropped news about pumpkin stars, fiery balls of gas that spin so fast that they squash down from perfect spheres to shapes that do in fact resemble the fruit millions of people carve up every October.
In fact, astronomers using observations from NASA's Kepler and Swift missions have discovered a whole batch of rapidly spinning stars that produce X-rays at more than 100 times the peak levels ever seen from our Sun. The stars, which spin so fast they've been squashed into pumpkin-like shapes, are thought to be the result of close binary systems where two sun-like stars merge.
"These 18 stars rotate in just a few days on average, while the sun takes nearly a month," said Steve Howell, a senior research scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, and leader of the team. "The rapid rotation amplifies the same kind of activity we see on the sun, such as sunspots and solar flares, and essentially sends it into overdrive."
The most extreme member of the group, a K-type orange giant dubbed KSw 71, is more than 10 times larger than the sun, rotates in just 5.5 days, and produces X-ray emissions 4,000 times greater than the sun does at solar maximum.
These rare stars were found as part of an X-ray survey of the original Kepler field of view, a patch of the sky comprising parts of the constellations Cygnus and Lyra. From May 2009 to May 2013, Kepler measured the brightness of more than 150,000 stars in this region to detect the regular dimming from planets passing in front of their host stars.
"A side benefit of the Kepler mission is that its initial field of view is now one of the best-studied parts of the sky," said team member Padi Boyd, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, who designed the Swift survey. Using the X-ray and ultraviolet/optical telescopes aboard Swift, the researchers conducted the Kepler–Swift Active Galaxies and Stars Survey (KSwAGS), taking the research further by imaging about six square degrees, or 12 times the apparent size of a full moon, in the Kepler field.
"With KSwAGS we found 93 new X-ray sources, about evenly split between active galaxies and various types of X-ray stars," said team member Krista Lynne Smith, a graduate student at the University of Maryland, College Park who led the analysis of Swift data. "Many of these sources have never been observed before in X-rays or ultraviolet light."
The researchers used Kepler measurements to determine the rotation periods and sizes for 10 of the stars, which range from 2.9 to 10.5 times larger than the sun. Their surface temperatures range from somewhat hotter to slightly cooler than the sun. Astronomers classify the stars as subgiants and giants, which are more advanced evolutionary phases than the Sun's, caused by greater depletion of their primary fuel source, hydrogen. All of them eventually will become much larger red giant stars.
Forty years ago, Ronald Webbink at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign noted that close binary systems cannot survive once the fuel supply of one star dwindles and it starts to enlarge. The stars coalesce to form a single rapidly spinning star initially residing in a so-called "excretion" disk formed by gas thrown out during the merger. The disk dissipates over the next 100 million years, leaving behind a very active, rapidly spinning star.
Howell and his colleagues suggest that their 18 KSwAGS stars formed by this scenario and have only recently dissipated their disks. To identify so many stars passing through such a cosmically brief phase of development is a real boon to stellar astronomers.
"Webbink's model suggests we should find about 160 of these stars in the entire Kepler field," said co-author Elena Mason, a researcher at the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics Astronomical Observatory of Trieste. "What we have found is in line with theoretical expectations when we account for the small portion of the field we observed with Swift."
The team has already extended their Swift observations to additional fields mapped by the K2 mission.
The findings ave been published online in the Astrophysical Journal.
Source: NASA
