Energy

Kevlar fibers fortify lithium-sulfur battery with 5x capacity of Li-ion

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The team's novel membrane can be seen blocking the passage of lithium polysulfides
Ahmet Emre, Kotov Lab
The team's novel membrane can be seen blocking the passage of lithium polysulfides
Ahmet Emre, Kotov Lab
Diagram depicts the novel membrane blocking the passage of lithium polysulfides while allowing ions to pass freely
Ahmet Emre, Kotov Lab
An industry-standard membrane can be seen leaking lithium polysulfides
Ahmet Emre, Kotov Lab
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With the capacity to store up to five times the energy of today's lithium-ion solutions, researchers have a keen interest in lithium-sulfur batteries, and a team at the University of Michigan has taken a step toward realizing their real-world potential. The breakthrough hinges on a naturally inspired membrane that overcomes stability issues and offers the battery a "nearly perfect" design, enabling it to last for a thousand-plus cycles.

“There are a number of reports claiming several hundred cycles for lithium-sulfur batteries, but it is achieved at the expense of other parameters – capacity, charging rate, resilience and safety," said leader of the research team, Nicholas Kotov. "The challenge nowadays is to make a battery that increases the cycling rate from the former 10 cycles to hundreds of cycles and satisfies multiple other requirements including cost."

In taking up that challenge, Kotov and his colleagues turned to aramid nanofibers, which are nanoscale versions of Kevlar fibers, and fashioned them into carefully engineered networks that mimic the structure of cell membranes. This material was infused with an electrolyte gel and prevents a common cause of battery failure, which is the formation of needle-like growths called dendrites that grow on one of the electrodes.

But the benefits of the novel membrane go further than that. As a lithium-sulfur battery is cycled, small particles of lithium and sulfur known as lithium polysulfides flow to the lithium and compromise the device's capacity. The team addressed this by integrating tiny, bio-inspired channels into its artificial membrane and adding an electrical charge, which repels the particles while allowing the positively charged lithium ions to flow freely.

Diagram depicts the novel membrane blocking the passage of lithium polysulfides while allowing ions to pass freely
Ahmet Emre, Kotov Lab

“Inspired by biological ion channels, we engineered highways for lithium ions where lithium polysulfides cannot pass the tolls,” said Ahmet Emre, co-first author of the paper.

The result of this ion selectivity, as it's called, is a lithium sulfur battery with a "nearly perfect" design, according to Kotov. He says the device boasts an efficiency approaching the theoretical limits, while the capacity is five times that of a standard lithium-ion battery. This could one day make for electric vehicles that can travel five times further without needing a recharge, for example.

In a real-world setting with fast-charging technology, the scientists expect the battery would last for around 1,000 cycles, which is considered a 10-year lifespan. Also working in the device's favor is the fact that sulfur is more abundant and less problematic to source than the cobalt used in lithium-ion batteries, while the aramid fibers can be harvested from old bulletproof vests, making it an overall more environmentally friendly proposition.

“Biomimetic engineering of these batteries integrated two scales – molecular and nanoscale," says Kotov. "For the first time, we integrated ionic selectivity of cell membranes and toughness of cartilage. Our integrated system approach enabled us to address the overarching challenges of lithium-sulfur batteries.”

The research was published in the journal Nature Communications

Source: University of Michigan

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10 comments
vince
Fabulous. Finally a path to a more theoretical capacity of lithium sulfur batteries. Imagine the range of a Tesla model 3 long range with 400 x 5 = 2,000 miles. Thay would make fossil fuel lovers absolutely sick at their stomachs. And EV owners thrilled.
paul314
That additional capacity could reduce the mass of your battery pack to the point where an EV doesn't have to be designed around minimizing everything else. Start with half the mass and twice the range, and move up from there.
guzmanchinky
With billions of dollars to be made, I just don't see how there's any way we will NOT have batteries with 5x the density and 100x the charging rate soon.
Karmudjun
Excellent article Nick, and I don't blame you for no weight comparisons - the source article doesn't discuss the overall weight of possible batteries made with this material.
I'm sure their technique for producing cells can be streamlined from the meticulous method outlined in the paper. Interesting findings, look forward to hearing more about these Li S batteries & advances in technology.
EH
I wonder how many more cycles it can do when partially cycled. Going only from 20% to 80% usually makes batteries last many more cycles, often more total energy stored and released over the battery's life than using full cycles, and in this case would still have triple the capacity of Li-ion.
ljaques
Excellent, U of M. The question is: WHEN will we see these available to buy and see them in vehicles?
christopher
"5 times" .. what? Volume? Weight? Cost?
Phaedrus
I love these stories but every few months I read about a "revolutionary" new battery that will change the world...only to never be seen again. I'm not holding my breath anymore but it does sound promising.
Bob Flint
1,000 cycles is a about 3 years if you use it every day...
David Force
Congratulations University of Michigan. First you beat Ohio and then possibly change the world and help save the planet. Somehow I think beating Ohio means more to you lol.
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