Science

Harvard team successfully reverses the aging process in mice

Chromosomes, with their telomere caps highlighted. Looking after these telomeres could be the key to longer life.
Chromosomes, with their telomere caps highlighted. Looking after these telomeres could be the key to longer life.

The aging process - it's undignified, unwanted, and many would say unnecessary. After all, the cells in your body are constantly replacing themselves – why can't they do it without causing progressive degradation of organs that lead to discomfort, weakness and death? Well, perhaps they can. Harvard scientists have discovered that by controlling certain genetic processes in mice, they can not only slow down the aging process, but "dramatically" reverse it throughout the body. It's a massive discovery, but it won't be able to be used in humans yet without some pretty scary consequences.

Telomeres

The Harvard study focused on part of the cell division process called 'telomere shortening.' If you picture a chromosome as an X-shaped unit of DNA, the telomeres are the little caps at the end of each strand.

As cells divide, their DNA splits in half to form two new cells – but a bit of genetic information is lost at the end of each strand with each division. That's what telomeres are for – they contain a bunch of useless DNA that acts as a buffer zone so that no important DNA is lost from our chromosomes. Gradually, over time, the telomere erodes away to a level where each cell division actually starts destroying bits of important DNA – and this gets to a point where the cell can no longer reproduce itself. You can imagine what that starts doing to bodily organs as time goes by.

So in a way, telomeres are there as a built-in limit to how many times a cell can divide itself – they're part of the built-in biological clock that causes aging, body deterioration and death.

The Harvard Study

And that's where this recent study was focused. Ronald DePinho and a team of Harvard colleagues experimented on mice to see what happens when steps are taken to stop telomeres from shortening.

The group looked at the enzyme telomerase, which can replenish the telomere after replication and effectively lengthen it so that a cell can live for longer.

They bred a group of genetically-engineered mice that lacked the ability to produce telomerase – and watched as these mice showed rapid and very early onset symptoms of aging.

Then, they gave the mice injections to re-activate the telomerase enzyme – expecting to see the aging process slow down to normal levels. Instead, they watched in astonishment as the mice appeared to age backwards, their withered organs repairing themselves even to the point of new neurons beginning to sprout in their brains.

In essence, repairing the telomeres seemed to be able to reverse the aging process and make the mice physiologically younger, despite already suffering the ravages of age.

But it's not so simple for humans

While this study was a huge step forward in our understanding of how telomeres and telomerase impact the aging process, there's a big issue preventing this sort of treatment from going straight into human testing.

Mice produce telomerase all throughout their short lives, but the enzyme is switched off in adult humans with our longer life spans, because when our cells are allowed to divide and replicate unchecked, they have a nasty habit of developing into cancers.

Although a telomerase-activating compound was recently discovered, telomerase rejuvenation in adults is directly linked to the development and spread of cancers throughout the body – so while a telomerase-based anti-aging treatment might produce valuable results in older humans, scientists also believe it would kick the risk of cancer up several orders of magnitude.

So the study isn't the sort of breakthrough that will lead directly and immediately to any sort of treatment for humans – but it's another step forward in science's inevitable march towards human immortality. Imagine what a gift it would be for an 80-year-old to be given an injection that could tell the cells in his body to rebuild itself in the physical health he enjoyed as a 25-year-old, knowing everything he knows.

There are already debates flaring over the ethics of extending lifespan, and the question of whether humans should submit themselves to the long-accepted ravages of aging and death or use our amazing command of science to avoid them. But the fact is, we're going to work out how to do it sooner or later, whether or not it involves this sort of telomere repair process, and a significant number of people will want to use such a technology to repair their bodies and see what life is like in the next few centuries.

Would you be one of them?

Via the Guardian.

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53 comments
Kevin Shutt
If wisdom comes with age, what are the implications of this?
Tcobo
If they need human subjects. Sign me up :-) I would marvel at the next centuries, being able to see how we take on Mars and such.
Maybe discover ET life in 2089, yeah being able to use this would be the only thing that might corrupt my otherwise unbreakable principles.
But who am I kidding. We will probably discover this only to see the missiles fall down haha. Sweet irony :-)
Muraculous
Telomerase therapy will probably not subject humans to cancer growth because cancer cells already have plenty of telomerase and that\'s part of the problem. Cancer growth (fast growing) wears out defensive mechanisms precisely because our bodies do not have an endless supply. Current thinking is that by providing our bodies with telomerase extension therapy we would provide a viable mechanism for fight cancer rather than ending up treating it with cancer drugs (and/or expiring). This is aside from the anti-aging effects such as revitalized muscle tone, energy, quality if skin and hair (no word on eyesight or sexual performance yet...).
It is good that scientists have recognized the need to be cautious with this but I\'m afraid that the \"ethics and morality police\" will presume it is their duty to blur the lines between what is technically achievable and what is \"good\" for society. If someone wishes to improve the quality of their life and, as a result, lives longer and healthier, then that should be the individual\'s decision. Would that person also be more productive? North America has stayed out in front because of its incredible ability to innovate. I see no reason to stop now....
Henry Franken
What about they turn them on in an 80 year old human and when they are 25 again they turn them of or back to normal telomeres, wouldn\'t that work ?
Jay Finke
at the age of 45., i would give it a try
windykites
I reckon that most people are trying to shorten the life of mice! lol! Seriously, imagine the ageing population if this research became successful. The way the World works is: We are born, we procreate, then we die. Look at Nature.
TheRogue1000
And you think we\'ve got an overly populated planet now? And NINE billion projected in the next forty years??? I, for one, would be delighted if we got what other species got, 6x prime. This would take us to 120, on average, and would surely be enough? LOL
CleverName
I am sure there are plenty of people that would be willing to take a cancer risk, in exchange for even a short term health gain. My father is 81 and starting to get Alzheimers, I don\'t think he would worry to much about cancer killing him at this point.
rdinning
If we significantly extend life span, world population already near the breaking point as far as being able to feed all of us, is going to sky rocket. We will have exchanged dying of old age for dying of starvation or war as food runs out.
BoilingOil
I would love to get this treatment, when it works. However, if one person (me) gets it, we all should have the right to get it, and that would be a recipe for disaster. The world population is already growing out of control, and if we then lived longer, we should put a serious limit on reproduction, which is NOT a good thing.
So then we would need some way of policing who gets it, and who doesn\'t... Scary idea!