Materials

Plant-based plastic strong as PET, degrades into sugars in the environment

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A 3D-printed leaf made from the new plant-based bioplastic
Alain Herzog (EPFL)
A 3D-printed leaf made from the new plant-based bioplastic
Alain Herzog (EPFL)
Crystals of highly pure bioplastic building blocks
Lorenz Manker

Plastics are tough and versatile materials, which is great when they’re in use but not so good when they end up in the environment. Scientists at EPFL have now developed a new PET-like plastic material derived from waste plant matter that can be chemically recycled or degrade into harmless sugars in the environment.

The new material gets its plastic-comparable strength from lignin, a biopolymer that makes up the hard wall of plant cells. In previous work, the EPFL team developed a method for cooking non-edible plant material like wood and bark in inexpensive chemicals, which extracts lignin and keeps it stable to produce a plastic precursor material. In the new study, the researchers used a different but related chemical to make a more versatile bioplastic.

“By using a different aldehyde – glyoxylic acid instead of formaldehyde – we could simply clip ‘sticky’ groups onto both sides of the sugar molecules, which then allows them to act as plastic building blocks,” said Lorenz Manker, first author of the study. “By using this simple technique, we are able to convert up to 25 percent of the weight of agricultural waste, or 95 percent of purified sugar, into plastic.”

The resulting bioplastic showed many of the desirable properties of conventional plastics. It can withstand temperatures of up to 100 °C (212 °F), has tensile strengths of up to 77 MPa, a stiffness of up to 2,500 MPa, and formed strong barriers to oxygen and water vapor. It’s versatile too, with the team demonstrating that it can be used to make packaging film, filaments for 3D printing, or fibers that can be spun into textiles.

Crystals of highly pure bioplastic building blocks
Lorenz Manker

The material’s environmentally friendliness isn’t limited to its creation – its disposal is green too. It can be chemically recycled using the process currently used to recycle PET plastics, and if it does make it into the environment, it will degrade into its constituent plant sugars rather than microplastics.

There are plenty of plant-based bioplastics in development, with major corporations like Lego and Coca-Cola already trialing them in their ubiquitous products. As with all of these advances, there are still hurdles to overcome before they could be scaled up to mass production, but in this case, the team says that the chemistry to make the new bioplastic is simpler than others, and use chemicals that are inexpensive and already in wide use.

“The plastic has very exciting properties, notably for applications like food packaging,” said Jeremy Luterbacher, lead author of the study. “And what makes the plastic unique is the presence of the intact sugar structure. This makes it incredibly easy to make because you don’t have to modify what nature gives you, and simple to degrade because it can go back to a molecule that is already abundant in nature.”

The research was published in the journal Nature Chemistry.

Source: EPFL

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2 comments
WeiDalong
As a substitute for single-use plastic bags, a good idea would be to spin this material into an expanded mesh and bond it to the outside of disposable paper shopping bags. It would provide good tensile strength to handle the weight of full bags of groceries as well as make for Eco-friendly disposal. It`s going to be a tough sell to get people to stop using plastic bags since they are just so darn convenient.
Anechidna
Okay, that sounds promising regarding decomposition. Unfortunately, bioplastic predecessors are now being found to be significant microplastic waste contributors. Does the bioplastic naturally break down to sugars when composted or are we up for a next level of waste management to avoid microplastic generation.